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Oil Paintings
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Albrecht Durer
b.May 21, 1471, Imperial Free City of Nernberg [Germany]
d.April 6, 1528, Nernberg
Albrecht Durer (May 21, 1471 ?C April 6, 1528) was a German painter, printmaker and theorist from Nuremberg. His still-famous works include the Apocalypse woodcuts, Knight, Death, and the Devil (1513), Saint Jerome in his Study (1514) and Melencolia I (1514), which has been the subject of extensive analysis and interpretation. His watercolours mark him as one of the first European landscape artists, while his ambitious woodcuts revolutionized the potential of that medium. D??rer introduction of classical motifs into Northern art, through his knowledge of Italian artists and German humanists, have secured his reputation as one of the most important figures of the Northern Renaissance. This is reinforced by his theoretical treatise which involve principles of mathematics, perspective and ideal proportions.
His prints established his reputation across Europe when he was still in his twenties, and he has been conventionally regarded as the greatest artist of the Renaissance in Northern Europe ever since. |
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Albrecht Durer
St Bartholomew
1523 Engraving, 122 x 76 mm Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York The knife in the hand of the saint is the instrument of his martyrdom. The engravings of the Apostles of this last period are quite subdued and unemotional. The stance requires the viewer to look at the head of the saint and to seek out what characterizes his greatness. The absence of a halo, which distinguishes this plate and St Simon from the earlier members of the set of Apostles, can be pointed out. St Bartholomew is more down-to-earth than the lofty type of 1514. These men are more modest, like artisans; their bodies disappear beneath the draperies. They fill the picture area from top to bottom and have a metallic quality, almost like bronze statues. The preparatory drawing is, in this case, much larger than the print.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: St Bartholomew Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : religious
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Albrecht Durer
St Simon
1523 Engraving, 118 x 75 mm Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York The saw was St Simon's instrument of torture. This engraving and the St Bartholomew are done in the 'corrugated style' where stereometrically simplified forms are contrasted with complicated systems of prominences and indentations so that the whole gives the impression of a compact massif broken up into big tablelands, craggy rocks and deep ravines. The preparatory drawing had been intended for the St John of the Great Crucifixion but was revised and used for this print.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: St Simon Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : religious
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Albrecht Durer
A Young Girl of Cologne
1520 Silverpoint, 129 x 190 mm Graphische Sammlung Albertina, Vienna This is a leaf from the sketchbook of the trip to the Lowlands. The legend reads: "awff dem rin mein Weib pey poparti" (on the Rhine, my wife at Boppard). Thus the drawing was made on the boat in July 1520. It gives the best (at least the best preserved) picture of D?rer's wife in her later years; with her cold protruding eyes and the domineering lines at the corners of her mouth, she does not look particularly lovable. Her juxtaposition with the young girl, whose coiffure is labeled "kolnisch gepend" (Cologne girl's headdress) by the artist, is certainly only accidental here, but is nevertheless not without analogies in the context of the sketches on this journey.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: A Young Girl of Cologne and D?rer's Wife Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : other
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Albrecht Durer
Lucas van Leyden
1521 Chalk and charcoal, 368 x 255 mm British Museum, London The legend (below left), "effigies Lucae Leidensis," is not by D?rer. The "L [Lucas] 1525" above it shows that the drawing was once given out to be a work of the Dutch artist. If that was incorrect, it still cannot be denied that in its calm physiognomy the drawing is close to the Dutch manner. The hair falling in strands is not stylised in D?rer's fashion. The whole piece is in the severe manner of the late period, with a strongly emphasized contrast between the fundamental horizontal and vertical directions. The background is dark and uniform.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: "Lucas van Leyden" Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : portrait
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Albrecht Durer
Portrait of Frederick the Wise
1524 Engraving, 188 x 122 mm Art Institute, Chicago Frederick III, called the Wise, Elector of the Empire and Duke of Saxony (1463-1525), was a patron of art and science, the founder of the University of Wittenberg and a supporter of the Reformation, although he never openly espoused the doctrines of Martin Luther. He could easily have been elected Emperor but wisely declined the honour. One of the earliest patrons of D?rer, he commissioned a portrait (in 1496) and many other works. The inscription beneath this engraved portrait reads: "Sacred to Christ. He favoured the word of God with piety, worthy to be revered by posterity forever. Albrecht D?rer made this for the Duke Frederick of Saxony, Arch-Marshal, Elector of the Holy Roman Empire; B[ene] M[erenti] F[ecit] V[ivus] V[ivo], MDXXIIII." (The phrase connotes: "worthy of high praise even while still alive.") The engraving is based on a preparatory drawing, probably prepared during Frederick's stay at Nuremberg from November 1522 to February 1523. It could be pointed out that D?rer must have had a remarkable memory in order to add so much form and detail in the engraving that does not appear in the sketch from life, particularly the details of the eyes, the higher eyebrows and the revision of the cap. The portrait shows the fat but somehow tragic face of Frederick the Wise, one year before his death, in three-quarter profile, in contrast to the strict profile of Cardinal Albrecht of Brandenburg.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Portrait of Frederick the Wise Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : portrait
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Albrecht Durer
Willibald Pirckheimer
1524 Engraving, 181 x 115 mm Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York The celebrated humanist Willibald Pirckheimer, counselor to the Emperor, friend of Erasmus of Rotterdam, member of the Nuremberg city council, translator of Greek and Latin classics, commander of the Nuremberg contingent of troops in the Swiss War, was Albrecht D?rer's closest friend and mentor. Suffering from severe gout, Pirckheimer had retired from the city council shortly before D?rer engraved this portrait. The copper plate portrait is an example of the new portraits he created using printed graphics. The bust is placed, like a monument, above an inscription that reads like an epitaph. It refers to the contributions and character of Pirckheimer, and the inscription beneath the portrait reads: "Image of Willibald Pirckheimer at age 53. Man lives through his intellect; all else will belong to death. 1524" (based on Livy III, 36). In this likeness, too, D?rer could not resist the temptation to show the reflection of windows in the eyes. The magnificent bulldog head of D?rer's best friend is not so much embellished as transfigured. Mass is converted into energy, and the heavy features of the learned irascible giant appear illumined, as it were, by the enormous eyes which flare from their sockets like powerful searchlights. This engraving was used as a bookplate by Pirckheimer. Many volumes containing it, formerly in the possession of the Royal Society, were sold at auction in London in 1925. Until 1945 there was an impression on white satin, probably posthumous, at Bremen.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Willibald Pirckheimer Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : portrait
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Albrecht Durer
St Philip
1526 Engraving, 122 x 76 mm Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York St Philip was crucified in the reign of Emperor Domitian. This is the fifth and last sheet of the unfinished series of Apostles. The great white mantle pleased D?rer so much that he used it again in his painted panels of Four Apostles in 1526. The handling is very bold and shows the skill due to the absolute command of the graver. The long sweeping lines which marked D?rer's earlier work, as St Jerome in Penitence, reappear, especially in the background. This work was apparently finished in 1523, based on the preparatory drawing bearing that date.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: St Philip Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : religious
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Albrecht Durer
Philipp Melanchthon
1526 Engraving, 174 x 127 mm Museum of Fine Arts, Boston Philipp Melanchthon (1497-1560) was one of the great humanists of his age. He was the German author of the Confession of Augsburg of the Lutheran Church (1530), humanist, reformer, theologian, and educator. His original name Philipp Schwartzerd means Black Earth in German, in Greek, Melanchthon. After studying in Heidelberg and T?bingen, he taught as a professor in Wittenberg. The main emphasis of his research was on theology, philosophy and rhetoric. In 1521 Melanchthon published the Loci communes, the first systematic treatment of evangelical doctrine. Because of his academic expertise he was asked to help in founding schools, and he virtually reorganized the whole educational system of Germany, founding and reforming several of its universities. In November 1525 and May 1526 he visited Nuremberg at the invitation of the city council in order to establish the first public school. Melanchthon is facing to the right in a striking three quarter profile. The epitaph-like Latin inscription refers to the humanist discussion Melanchthon led on the portrayability of the human character: "1526. Viventis potuit Dvreris Ora Philippi Mentem non Potuit Pingere Docta Manus" (1526. D?rer was able to draw the features of Philipp from life, but his expert hand could not capture his spirit. A.D.). It can be pointed out that the reflection of a window in the eyes verges on the ridiculous in this case, as the indication of clouds in the background show that Melanchthon is supposed to be standing in the open air.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Philipp Melanchthon Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : portrait
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Albrecht Durer
Bearing of the Cross
1512 Engraving, 117 x 74 mm Art Museum, Princeton Sheet No. 10 of the Engraved Passion. St Veronica is shown kneeling in front of Christ. This engraved version cannot compare to the triumphant one of the woodcut. In this instance, Christ is pictured standing, turned toward the women. The rendering of this scene as a nocturne is unprecedented. This print can be called "Schongaueresque" in concept. The guardsman shouting at the people is, in fact, found in Schongauer's version, perhaps based on Passion plays. There is an impression without the hanger of the tablet bearing the monogram at the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Bearing of the Cross (No. 10) Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : religious
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Albrecht Durer
The Virgin with Two Angels and Four Saints
1521 Pen, 252 x 387 mm Mus?e Cond? Chantilly The four saints are St Catherine, St John the Evangelist, St James the Great and St Joseph. This drawing, which is cut at the top, is to be considered as a study for a large painting. It is an example of the new freedom of arrangement on an architectural basis.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: The Virgin with Two Angels and Four Saints Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : study
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Albrecht Durer
Portrait of an Unknown Man
1520 Chalk, 365 x 258 mm Staatliche Museen, Berlin This is typical of the great late portraits. The line and the representation of form are fully refined, everything momentary in movement and expression being omitted. The subject fills most of the space; there is a dark background with a light band on top.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Portrait of an Unknown Man Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : portrait
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Albrecht Durer
Lamentation over Christ
1507 Engraving, 115 x 71 mm Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York Sheet No. 12 of the Engraved Passion. Also called Descent from the Cross, this is the first of D?rer's engravings after his return from Italy. It is not yet appreciably different in style from those of 1504/05. The Lamentation over Christ is the earliest of the plates of the Engraved Passion and considerably weaker than the other subjects of that series. It suffers from D?rer's preoccupation during this period with the arrangement of limbs. The position of Christ's legs is similar to that of the Infant Christ's in the painting The Brotherhood of the Rosary. D?rer could not have thought of an entire series of Passion subjects at that time, otherwise he would have begun with the Agony in the Garden. In contrast to the other subjects which were to follow, the background of this engraving is white.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Lamentation over Christ (No. 12) Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : religious
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Albrecht Durer
Portrait of Ulrich
1522 Chalk and charcoal, 415 x 320 mm Graphische Sammlung Albertina, Vienna This is a preliminary drawing for the woodcut of the same year, which carries over the line work almost completely ?not only the tight wavy parallel lines in the neck, but also the broad downward flow of the line over the shoulders (truly characteristic of a freehand drawing). Only the ear is more cartilaginous in the woodcut, and the background is composed of pure horizontal lines.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Portrait of Ulrich Varnb?hler Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : portrait
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Albrecht Durer
Deposition
1512 Engraving, 117 x 74 mm Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York Sheet No. 13 of the Engraved Passion. In this case the engraved and woodcut version can be easily compared. Both were executed at about the same time. One is the most complicated, the other the simplest solution. In the engraving some of the dignity is sacrificed by the complicated overlappings, as in the case of Christ's body. The woodcut version of the Small Passion was difficult to surpass in the engraving. D?rer decided to use the tomb as seen from the front, making for the interesting overlappings. The gentle dignity of the woodcut version was, however, lost. It is not quite clear which one of the praying women is the Virgin Mary.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Deposition (No. 13) Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : religious
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Albrecht Durer
The Lamentation
1522 Silverpoint, 293 x 416 mm Kunsthalle, Bremen The corpse is leaning against the knee of the Magdalen, who is seated on the ground. The Virgin is raising Christ's head and holding his left arm on her lap. St John and Joseph of Arimathea are visible in half length. This is an extremely significant sketch for a painting in the late style, in which form is entirely saturated with expression.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: The Lamentation Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : religious
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Albrecht Durer
Harrowing of Hell
1512 Engraving, 117 x 73 mm Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York Sheet No. 14 of the Engraved Passion. Adam and Eve are on the left, Moses is behind them, Cerberus above. The contrast between engraved and woodcut versions is similar to that described for the Deposition. The man whose arm Christ is touching is probably St John the Baptist. This print is a new and felicitous rendering, bearing witness to D?rer's inventiveness and imagination. Eve looks charming next to the aged Adam.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Harrowing of Hell; or, Christ in Limbo (No. 14) Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : religious
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Albrecht Durer
Self-Portrait as the Man of Sorrows
1522 Drawing with lead pencil on blue-green primed paper, 408 x 290 mm Kunsthalle, Bremen The drawing was destroyed in war. The Man of Sorrows is generally considered to be a self-portrait of D?rer created during his journey to the Netherlands. Semi-naked with a sunken chest and lips parted in pain, the man is gazing very naturalistically out of the picture. His crossed arms and the Instruments of the Passion such as the scourge and fasces remind us of Christ's sufferings.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Self-Portrait as the Man of Sorrows Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : portrait
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Albrecht Durer
Winged Man
in Idealistic Clothing, Playing a Lute 1497 Silverpoint on dark paper, with white highlights, 268 x 195 mm Staatliche Museen, Berlin The statuesque model was also available to the artist during his work on The Apocalypse. In that series the head recurs not only in the destroying angels, but also in the apocalyptic horsemen and the angels that calm the winds.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Winged Man, in Idealistic Clothing, Playing a Lute Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : study
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Albrecht Durer
Resurrection
1512 Engraving, 119 x 75 mm Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York Sheet No. 15 of the Engraved Passion. Christ is seen holding the Flag of Peace in his left hand. In both the woodcut versions and in the Engraved Passion Christ is shown in a triumphant stance, Italianate in manner, and contrasted with the sleeping guards. In this instance Christ is standing on his sarcophagus, while in the Large Woodcut Passion he is shown suspended in the air above it.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Resurrection (No. 15) Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : religious
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Albrecht Durer
St Peter and St John Healing the Cripple
1513 Engraving, 118 x 74 mm Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York Sheet No. 16 of the Engraved Passion. This engraving, considered as the last sheet of the Engraved Passion, is, in fact, outside the scope of a Passion series. D?rer cannot possibly have intended it as the final sheet. It may therefore be presumed that he planned to add further subjects which were never completed. It has been left out of most of the old bound copies of the Engraved Passion, and may have been intended as the first sheet of a projected series of the Apostles. The contrast of the statuesque greatness of the Apostle and the merciless condition of the cripple is notable. This engraving is perhaps derived from Masaccio's fresco The Tribute Money in the Brancacci Chapel in Florence. St Peter is based on a drawing for the Heller Altarpiece; the man on the far left is inspired by a medal of John Paleologus. The ailment of the cripple has been identified as leprosy.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: St Peter and St John Healing the Cripple (No. 16) Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : religious
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| Albrecht Durer
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b.May 21, 1471, Imperial Free City of Nernberg [Germany]
d.April 6, 1528, Nernberg
Albrecht Durer (May 21, 1471 ?C April 6, 1528) was a German painter, printmaker and theorist from Nuremberg. His still-famous works include the Apocalypse woodcuts, Knight, Death, and the Devil (1513), Saint Jerome in his Study (1514) and Melencolia I (1514), which has been the subject of extensive analysis and interpretation. His watercolours mark him as one of the first European landscape artists, while his ambitious woodcuts revolutionized the potential of that medium. D??rer introduction of classical motifs into Northern art, through his knowledge of Italian artists and German humanists, have secured his reputation as one of the most important figures of the Northern Renaissance. This is reinforced by his theoretical treatise which involve principles of mathematics, perspective and ideal proportions.
His prints established his reputation across Europe when he was still in his twenties, and he has been conventionally regarded as the greatest artist of the Renaissance in Northern Europe ever since.
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